Payment overview · 2025
General Payments
37 reported records · 14 companies
Healthcare provider profile · identity verified
Allopathic & Osteopathic Physicians|Family Medicine · HENDERSON, KY · NPI 1508351685
Verified facts
CMS Open Payments records show Samuel Gerhardt, DO received $596.78 in general payments during 2025 across 37 reported records.
ABBVIE INC. accounted for 47.2% of that reported general-payment amount.
The Open Payments records used for this analysis explicitly named 25 associated products.
A separate comparison found the same explicitly named product in public Medicare Part D data: Eliquis, Ozempic, Vraylar.
ABBVIE INC. reported payments to this doctor in 2025. Across the 2025 Open Payments General Payment records loaded for this analysis, that same reporting entity reported SYNTHROID as an associated drug or biological on 10655 records involving 4881 distinct recipient NPIs. Public Medicare Part D data also shows 24 claims for Synthroid by this doctor in 2024.
ABBVIE INC. reported payments to this doctor in 2025. Across the 2025 Open Payments General Payment records loaded for this analysis, that same reporting entity reported VRAYLAR as an associated drug or biological on 377741 records involving 62704 distinct recipient NPIs. Public Medicare Part D data also shows 12 claims for Vraylar by this doctor in 2024.
E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. reported payments to this doctor in 2025. Across the 2025 Open Payments General Payment records loaded for this analysis, that same reporting entity reported ELIQUIS as an associated drug or biological on 27956 records involving 14870 distinct recipient NPIs. Public Medicare Part D data also shows 34 claims for Eliquis by this doctor in 2024.
GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. reported payments to this doctor in 2025. Across the 2025 Open Payments General Payment records loaded for this analysis, that same reporting entity reported TRELEGY ELLIPTA as an associated drug or biological on 131532 records involving 37148 distinct recipient NPIs. Public Medicare Part D data also shows 18 claims for Trelegy Ellipta by this doctor in 2024.
Lilly USA, LLC reported payments to this doctor in 2025. Across the 2025 Open Payments General Payment records loaded for this analysis, that same reporting entity reported JARDIANCE as an associated drug or biological on 47708 records involving 23833 distinct recipient NPIs. Public Medicare Part D data also shows 56 claims for Jardiance by this doctor in 2024.
Lilly USA, LLC reported payments to this doctor in 2025. Across the 2025 Open Payments General Payment records loaded for this analysis, that same reporting entity reported MOUNJARO as an associated drug or biological on 186719 records involving 66436 distinct recipient NPIs. Public Medicare Part D data also shows 11 claims for Mounjaro by this doctor in 2024.
Lilly USA, LLC reported payments to this doctor in 2025. Across the 2025 Open Payments General Payment records loaded for this analysis, that same reporting entity reported TRULICITY as an associated drug or biological on 71 records involving 57 distinct recipient NPIs. Public Medicare Part D data also shows 11 claims for Trulicity by this doctor in 2024.
Novo Nordisk Inc reported payments to this doctor in 2025. Across the 2025 Open Payments General Payment records loaded for this analysis, that same reporting entity reported Ozempic as an associated drug or biological on 261625 records involving 77793 distinct recipient NPIs. Public Medicare Part D data also shows 35 claims for Ozempic by this doctor in 2024.
PFIZER INC. reported payments to this doctor in 2025. Across the 2025 Open Payments General Payment records loaded for this analysis, that same reporting entity reported ELIQUIS as an associated drug or biological on 87112 records involving 36032 distinct recipient NPIs. Public Medicare Part D data also shows 34 claims for Eliquis by this doctor in 2024.
These records do not establish that a payment influenced prescribing or medical care.
Payment overview · 2025
37 reported records · 14 companies
Separate record types
Research Payments (direct recipient): not present in the loaded data
Associated Research Funding (for example, named PI): not present in the loaded data
Ownership / Investment: not present in the loaded data
These categories are never added into the General Payments headline. Associated research funding must not be described as money the doctor personally received unless the source record supports that conclusion.
Who paid this doctor?
| Reported company | Canonical company | Amount | Share | Records | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABBVIE INC. | Unresolved — no canonical attribution shown | $281.85 | 47.2% | 20 | 2025 |
| PFIZER INC. | Unresolved — no canonical attribution shown | $65.75 | 11.0% | 4 | 2025 |
| Pulmonx Corporation | Unresolved — no canonical attribution shown | $37.64 | 6.3% | 1 | 2025 |
| Exact Sciences Corporation | Unresolved — no canonical attribution shown | $32.69 | 5.5% | 2 | 2025 |
| E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. | Unresolved — no canonical attribution shown | $21.82 | 3.7% | 1 | 2025 |
| Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC | Unresolved — no canonical attribution shown | $20.24 | 3.4% | 1 | 2025 |
| ITI, Inc. (d/b/a Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc.) | Unresolved — no canonical attribution shown | $19.08 | 3.2% | 1 | 2025 |
| Lilly USA, LLC | Unresolved — no canonical attribution shown | $17.95 | 3.0% | 1 | 2025 |
| Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Unresolved — no canonical attribution shown | $17.81 | 3.0% | 1 | 2025 |
| Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. | Unresolved — no canonical attribution shown | $17.45 | 2.9% | 1 | 2025 |
| Novo Nordisk Inc | Unresolved — no canonical attribution shown | $17.30 | 2.9% | 1 | 2025 |
| Amgen Inc. | Unresolved — no canonical attribution shown | $16.67 | 2.8% | 1 | 2025 |
| GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. | Unresolved — no canonical attribution shown | $16.50 | 2.8% | 1 | 2025 |
| AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP | Unresolved — no canonical attribution shown | $14.03 | 2.4% | 1 | 2025 |
What were the payments for?
| Category | Amount | Records |
|---|---|---|
| Food and Beverage | $596.78 | 37 |
A meal, consulting fee, royalty, and travel payment describe different kinds of reported relationships and should not be interpreted as equivalent.
Analysis 1 · Payment-linked products
| Reported product | Type | Reported company | Related amount* | Records | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| QULIPTA Normalized: qulipta |
Drug | ABBVIE INC. | $250.70 | 19 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| UBRELVY Normalized: ubrelvy |
Drug | ABBVIE INC. | $219.87 | 17 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| CHARTIS CATHETER Normalized: chartis catheter |
Device | Pulmonx Corporation | $37.64 | 1 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| PULMONX CHARTIS TABLET CONSOLE Normalized: pulmonx chartis tablet console |
Device | Pulmonx Corporation | $37.64 | 1 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| ZEPHYR DELIVERY CATHETER Normalized: zephyr delivery catheter |
Device | Pulmonx Corporation | $37.64 | 1 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| ZEPHYR ENDOBRONCHIAL VALVE Normalized: zephyr endobronchial valve |
Device | Pulmonx Corporation | $37.64 | 1 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| ABRYSVO Normalized: abrysvo |
Biological | PFIZER INC. | $33.89 | 2 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| COMIRNATY Normalized: comirnaty |
Biological | PFIZER INC. | $33.89 | 2 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| PREVNAR 20 Normalized: prevnar 20 |
Biological | PFIZER INC. | $33.89 | 2 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| Cologuard Collection Kit Normalized: cologuard collection kit |
Device | Exact Sciences Corporation | $32.69 | 2 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| ELIQUIS Normalized: eliquis |
Drug | PFIZER INC. | $31.86 | 2 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| NURTEC ODT Normalized: nurtec odt |
Drug | PFIZER INC. | $31.86 | 2 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| VRAYLAR Normalized: vraylar |
Drug | ABBVIE INC. | $31.15 | 1 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| CAMZYOS Normalized: camzyos |
Drug | E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. | $21.82 | 1 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| XIFAXAN Normalized: xifaxan |
Drug | Salix Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bausch Health US, LLC | $20.24 | 1 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| CAPLYTA Normalized: caplyta |
Drug | ITI, Inc. (d/b/a Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc.) | $19.08 | 1 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| KISUNLA Normalized: kisunla |
Drug | Lilly USA, LLC | $17.95 | 1 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| Kerendia Normalized: kerendia |
Drug | Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. | $17.81 | 1 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| REXULTI Normalized: rexulti |
Drug | Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc. | $17.45 | 1 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| Ozempic Normalized: ozempic |
Drug | Novo Nordisk Inc | $17.30 | 1 | 2025 |
Source payment records
|
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| EVENITY Normalized: evenity |
Biological | Amgen Inc. | $16.67 | 1 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| PROLIA Normalized: prolia |
Biological | Amgen Inc. | $16.67 | 1 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| AREXVY Normalized: arexvy |
Biological | GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. | $16.50 | 1 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| SHINGRIX Normalized: shingrix |
Biological | GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. | $16.50 | 1 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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| FARXIGA Normalized: farxiga |
Drug | AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP | $14.03 | 1 | 2025 |
Source payment records
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* Product-associated amounts are non-additive because one payment record may name more than one product.
These products were named on specific Open Payments records. A named product does not show that the payment influenced treatment or prescribing.
| Open Payments product | Payment year | Part D brand | Part D year | Claims | Match method | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELIQUIS eliquis |
2025 | Eliquis | 2024 | 34 Beneficiary count suppressed |
exact normalized | Medicare Part D |
| Ozempic ozempic |
2025 | Ozempic | 2024 | 35 Beneficiary count suppressed |
exact normalized | Medicare Part D |
| VRAYLAR vraylar |
2025 | Vraylar | 2024 | 12 Beneficiary count suppressed |
exact normalized | Medicare Part D |
The presence of the same drug in both datasets does not show that a payment caused or influenced a prescription.
Analysis 2 · Same-company prescribing overlap
This analysis is independent from products named on this doctor’s individual payment records. A row appears only when the exact Open Payments reporting entity paid this doctor, that same reporting entity reported the drug or biological on at least 10 loaded General Payment records involving at least 2 distinct recipient NPIs, and this doctor has the same non-generic brand in public Part D data. This does not mean the company owns or manufactures the drug.
| Paying company | Payment year | Drug reported by same entity | Open Payments evidence | Part D | Claims | Beneficiaries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABBVIE INC. Exact reporting entity; no affiliate inference |
2025 | SYNTHROID open payments reported associated product |
CMS Open Payments — General Payments 10655 supporting records · 4881 recipient NPIs · example record 1201352636 |
Synthroid · 2024 Exact normalized brand match · 1 Part D row |
24 | suppressed by CMS |
| ABBVIE INC. Exact reporting entity; no affiliate inference |
2025 | VRAYLAR open payments reported associated product |
CMS Open Payments — General Payments 377741 supporting records · 62704 recipient NPIs · example record 1201352550 |
Vraylar · 2024 Exact normalized brand match · 1 Part D row |
12 | suppressed by CMS |
| E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. Exact reporting entity; no affiliate inference |
2025 | ELIQUIS open payments reported associated product |
CMS Open Payments — General Payments 27956 supporting records · 14870 recipient NPIs · example record 1184377713 |
Eliquis · 2024 Exact normalized brand match · 1 Part D row |
34 | suppressed by CMS |
| GlaxoSmithKline, LLC. Exact reporting entity; no affiliate inference |
2025 | TRELEGY ELLIPTA open payments reported associated product |
CMS Open Payments — General Payments 131532 supporting records · 37148 recipient NPIs · example record 1190332369 |
Trelegy Ellipta · 2024 Exact normalized brand match · 1 Part D row |
18 | suppressed by CMS |
| Lilly USA, LLC Exact reporting entity; no affiliate inference |
2025 | JARDIANCE open payments reported associated product |
CMS Open Payments — General Payments 47708 supporting records · 23833 recipient NPIs · example record 1186464557 |
Jardiance · 2024 Exact normalized brand match · 1 Part D row |
56 | 13 |
| Lilly USA, LLC Exact reporting entity; no affiliate inference |
2025 | MOUNJARO open payments reported associated product |
CMS Open Payments — General Payments 186719 supporting records · 66436 recipient NPIs · example record 1186464455 |
Mounjaro · 2024 Exact normalized brand match · 1 Part D row |
11 | suppressed by CMS |
| Lilly USA, LLC Exact reporting entity; no affiliate inference |
2025 | TRULICITY open payments reported associated product |
CMS Open Payments — General Payments 71 supporting records · 57 recipient NPIs · example record 1186464601 |
Trulicity · 2024 Exact normalized brand match · 1 Part D row |
11 | suppressed by CMS |
| Novo Nordisk Inc Exact reporting entity; no affiliate inference |
2025 | Ozempic open payments reported associated product |
CMS Open Payments — General Payments 261625 supporting records · 77793 recipient NPIs · example record 1188130076 |
Ozempic · 2024 Exact normalized brand match · 1 Part D row |
35 | suppressed by CMS |
| PFIZER INC. Exact reporting entity; no affiliate inference |
2025 | ELIQUIS open payments reported associated product |
CMS Open Payments — General Payments 87112 supporting records · 36032 recipient NPIs · example record 1228794063 |
Eliquis · 2024 Exact normalized brand match · 1 Part D row |
34 | suppressed by CMS |
These facts do not show that a payment was for the drug, that the company owns or manufactures the drug, or that a payment caused or influenced prescribing.
Public Medicare Part D data
| Brand | Generic | Claims | Beneficiaries |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gabapentin | Gabapentin | 281 | 57 |
| Levothyroxine Sodium | Levothyroxine Sodium | 251 | 57 |
| Atorvastatin Calcium | Atorvastatin Calcium | 250 | 59 |
| Metoprolol Succinate | Metoprolol Succinate | 239 | 57 |
| Lisinopril | Lisinopril | 234 | 59 |
| Omeprazole | Omeprazole | 198 | 53 |
| Amlodipine Besylate | Amlodipine Besylate | 191 | 50 |
| Losartan Potassium | Losartan Potassium | 170 | 42 |
| Metformin Hcl | Metformin Hcl | 170 | 39 |
| Hydrocodone-Acetaminophen | Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen | 152 | 22 |
| Hydrochlorothiazide | Hydrochlorothiazide | 151 | 41 |
| Famotidine | Famotidine | 134 | 34 |
| Trazodone Hcl | Trazodone Hcl | 132 | 23 |
| Bupropion Xl | Bupropion Hcl | 110 | 20 |
| Tizanidine Hcl | Tizanidine Hcl | 108 | 27 |
| Pioglitazone Hcl | Pioglitazone Hcl | 107 | 26 |
| Buspirone Hcl | Buspirone Hcl | 102 | 17 |
| Potassium Chloride | Potassium Chloride | 96 | 17 |
| Citalopram Hbr | Citalopram Hydrobromide | 85 | 15 |
| Duloxetine Hcl | Duloxetine Hcl | 84 | 20 |
| Amitriptyline Hcl | Amitriptyline Hcl | 79 | 20 |
| Pravastatin Sodium | Pravastatin Sodium | 79 | 17 |
| Albuterol Sulfate Hfa | Albuterol Sulfate | 78 | 19 |
| Fluoxetine Hcl | Fluoxetine Hcl | 78 | 13 |
| Pantoprazole Sodium | Pantoprazole Sodium | 77 | 17 |
| Furosemide | Furosemide | 76 | 16 |
| Escitalopram Oxalate | Escitalopram Oxalate | 74 | 14 |
| Montelukast Sodium | Montelukast Sodium | 73 | 17 |
| Prednisone | Prednisone | 72 | 32 |
| Sertraline Hcl | Sertraline Hcl | 71 | 22 |
| Lorazepam | Lorazepam | 69 | 13 |
| Lisinopril-Hydrochlorothiazide | Lisinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide | 68 | 17 |
| Paroxetine Hcl | Paroxetine Hcl | 68 | 17 |
| Rosuvastatin Calcium | Rosuvastatin Calcium | 68 | 16 |
| Cyclobenzaprine Hcl | Cyclobenzaprine Hcl | 61 | 19 |
| Ipratropium Bromide | Ipratropium Bromide | 60 | 29 |
| Carvedilol | Carvedilol | 59 | 15 |
| Tramadol Hcl | Tramadol Hcl | 58 | 11 |
| Jardiance | Empagliflozin | 56 | 13 |
| Clonidine Hcl | Clonidine Hcl | 54 | 14 |
| Dextroamphetamine-Amphetamine | Dextroamphetamine/Amphetamine | 54 | suppressed |
| Clopidogrel | Clopidogrel Bisulfate | 50 | 11 |
| Pregabalin | Pregabalin | 49 | 11 |
| Clonazepam | Clonazepam | 46 | suppressed |
| Hydroxyzine Hcl | Hydroxyzine Hcl | 46 | 12 |
| Isosorbide Mononitrate Er | Isosorbide Mononitrate | 46 | suppressed |
| Metoprolol Tartrate | Metoprolol Tartrate | 44 | 11 |
| Nitrofurantoin Mono-Macro | Nitrofurantoin Monohyd/M-Cryst | 44 | 22 |
| Metformin Hcl Er | Metformin Hcl | 41 | 11 |
| Oxybutynin Chloride | Oxybutynin Chloride | 41 | 12 |
| Celecoxib | Celecoxib | 40 | suppressed |
| Mirtazapine | Mirtazapine | 40 | 11 |
| Simvastatin | Simvastatin | 37 | suppressed |
| Meloxicam | Meloxicam | 36 | suppressed |
| Aripiprazole | Aripiprazole | 35 | suppressed |
| Baclofen | Baclofen | 35 | suppressed |
| Ozempic | Semaglutide | 35 | suppressed |
| Alprazolam | Alprazolam | 34 | suppressed |
| Eliquis | Apixaban | 34 | suppressed |
| Losartan-Hydrochlorothiazide | Losartan/Hydrochlorothiazide | 34 | suppressed |
| Quetiapine Fumarate | Quetiapine Fumarate | 34 | suppressed |
| Azithromycin | Azithromycin | 33 | 25 |
| Januvia | Sitagliptin Phosphate | 32 | suppressed |
| Tamsulosin Hcl | Tamsulosin Hcl | 31 | suppressed |
| Allopurinol | Allopurinol | 30 | suppressed |
| Myrbetriq | Mirabegron | 30 | suppressed |
| Diazepam | Diazepam | 29 | suppressed |
| Glipizide Er | Glipizide | 29 | suppressed |
| Ropinirole Hcl | Ropinirole Hcl | 29 | suppressed |
| Atenolol | Atenolol | 27 | suppressed |
| Diltiazem 24hr Er (Cd) | Diltiazem Hcl | 27 | suppressed |
| Meclizine Hcl | Meclizine Hcl | 27 | 13 |
| Triamterene-Hydrochlorothiazid | Triamterene/Hydrochlorothiazid | 26 | suppressed |
| Zolpidem Tartrate | Zolpidem Tartrate | 26 | suppressed |
| Hydroxyzine Pamoate | Hydroxyzine Pamoate | 25 | suppressed |
| Oxybutynin Chloride Er | Oxybutynin Chloride | 25 | suppressed |
| Donepezil Hcl | Donepezil Hcl | 24 | suppressed |
| Naproxen | Naproxen | 24 | suppressed |
| Synthroid | Levothyroxine Sodium | 24 | suppressed |
| Diclofenac Sodium | Diclofenac Sodium | 23 | 14 |
| Lamotrigine | Lamotrigine | 23 | suppressed |
| Venlafaxine Hcl Er | Venlafaxine Hcl | 22 | suppressed |
| Estradiol | Estradiol | 21 | suppressed |
| Ondansetron Hcl | Ondansetron Hcl | 21 | suppressed |
| Fluconazole | Fluconazole | 20 | 12 |
| Spironolactone | Spironolactone | 20 | suppressed |
| Amoxicillin-Clavulanate Potass | Amoxicillin/Potassium Clav | 19 | 17 |
| Breo Ellipta | Fluticasone/Vilanterol | 19 | suppressed |
| Glimepiride | Glimepiride | 19 | suppressed |
| Prazosin Hcl | Prazosin Hcl | 19 | suppressed |
| Promethazine Hcl | Promethazine Hcl | 18 | suppressed |
| Propranolol Hcl | Propranolol Hcl | 18 | suppressed |
| Trelegy Ellipta | Fluticasone/Umeclidin/Vilanter | 18 | suppressed |
| Memantine Hcl | Memantine Hcl | 17 | suppressed |
| Topiramate | Topiramate | 17 | suppressed |
| Fenofibrate | Fenofibrate | 16 | suppressed |
| Finasteride | Finasteride | 15 | suppressed |
| Ondansetron Odt | Ondansetron | 15 | suppressed |
| Sumatriptan Succinate | Sumatriptan Succinate | 15 | suppressed |
| Terazosin Hcl | Terazosin Hcl | 15 | suppressed |
| Xarelto | Rivaroxaban | 15 | suppressed |
| Ezetimibe | Ezetimibe | 14 | suppressed |
| Nifedipine Er | Nifedipine | 14 | suppressed |
| Stiolto Respimat | Tiotropium Br/Olodaterol Hcl | 14 | suppressed |
| Emgality Pen | Galcanezumab-Gnlm | 13 | suppressed |
| Indomethacin | Indomethacin | 13 | suppressed |
| Levetiracetam | Levetiracetam | 13 | suppressed |
| Oxycodone-Acetaminophen | Oxycodone Hcl/Acetaminophen | 13 | suppressed |
| Aimovig Autoinjector | Erenumab-Aooe | 12 | suppressed |
| Hydralazine Hcl | Hydralazine Hcl | 12 | suppressed |
| Olanzapine | Olanzapine | 12 | suppressed |
| Rizatriptan | Rizatriptan Benzoate | 12 | suppressed |
| Triamcinolone Acetonide | Triamcinolone Acetonide | 12 | suppressed |
| Vraylar | Cariprazine Hcl | 12 | suppressed |
| Dexlansoprazole Dr | Dexlansoprazole | 11 | suppressed |
| Glipizide | Glipizide | 11 | suppressed |
| Mounjaro | Tirzepatide | 11 | suppressed |
| Trulicity | Dulaglutide | 11 | suppressed |
| Verapamil Er | Verapamil Hcl | 11 | suppressed |
Timeline
Open Payments and Medicare Part D may refer to different years. They are shown separately rather than aligned as if they describe the same period.
| Year | General Payments | Main payer | Explicit products | Company overlaps | Part D coverage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | $596.78 · 37 records | ABBVIE INC. | ABRYSVO, AREXVY, CAMZYOS, CAPLYTA, CHARTIS CATHETER, COMIRNATY, Cologuard Collection Kit, ELIQUIS, EVENITY, FARXIGA, KISUNLA, Kerendia, NURTEC ODT, Ozempic, PREVNAR 20, PROLIA, PULMONX CHARTIS TABLET CONSOLE, QULIPTA, REXULTI, SHINGRIX, UBRELVY, VRAYLAR, XIFAXAN, ZEPHYR DELIVERY CATHETER, ZEPHYR ENDOBRONCHIAL VALVE | 9 | — |
| 2024 | — | — | — | — | Complete |
Questions to ask
These are general questions generated from reviewed templates. They are not personalized medical advice.
Sources and limitations
| Dataset | Year | Publication | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| CMS Open Payments — General Payments | 2025 | 2026-06-30 | Original source |
| Medicare Part D Prescribers by Provider and Drug | 2024 | 2026-05-06 | Original source |
| NPPES Data Dissemination V2 | current / reference data | 2026-08-10 | Original source |
Full methodology · Questions & answers · Report a possible error